Social Media And Its Impact On Society Essay - 2391 Words

Engdahl (168) defines social media as â€Å"mobile-based and web-based technologies that allow interactive communication through the internet.† In this data age, Social Media has turned into a fundamental piece of individuals day by day lives over the globe. In spite of the traditional media, for example, radio, TV and print, online networking reaches out past simple data and thoughts sharing. Despite the way that online networking is a generally new marvel; it is progressively turning into a vital segment of a company s showcasing and client base advancement stage. According to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, Social media is defined as forms of electronic communication (as Web sites for social networking and blogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (as videos). The same source defines networking as the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions; specifically: the cultivation of productive relationships for employment or business. Previously, internet users were limited to instant messaging and email but now it has became a common mode of communication with the rise of social media. More or less Social media has turned into a habit and its usage is increasing day by day in entire world. Social Media is a marvel that has changed the connection and correspondence of people all through the world. Nonetheless, online networking is not another idea - it has beenShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Society Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you thought about the impact that social media has on society? Today I would like to address the impact of social media on society for those of you that are social media users and this includes the advantages or disadvantages that as associated with it. In this speech, I want to relate to you how social media is being used by social media users. Social media has forever changed the way society works, whether it’s the sharing of an idea, the communication of news, or the availability of productsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1420 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media as we know has changed. Now instead of messaging we are able to video chat, and instead of not knowing where someone is now we are able to see there locations and where they live. This is all because of social media. Social media has taken the world by storm including social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram all sites where we communicate through text, videos, pictures, and much more. Rhetoric is used in social media and sometimes it can be overloo ked. Sometimes we mightRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has gained immense popularity, following increased access to the internet and technology devices including smart phones. Social media is used to denote platforms in which people build and share social connections; thus enhancing information sharing and interaction. Major examples include Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, Google+, Pinterest and Instagram. Through social media, people can connect, interact and exchange information such as pictures, videos and other digital media byRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1563 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has consumed our society. 47% of American adults used social networking sites in 2011 like Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter; up from 26% in 2008(quoted from procon.org) the aspects of social media both have a positive and negative impact on life. Social networking sites promote interaction with distant fami ly and friends. Social networking sites can demonstrate opportunities to strengthen existing relationships and to develop new friendships as well. The downfall of social media sitesRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society970 Words   |  4 Pagespiece titled Friends Indeed for the Washington Post. Garreau brings up possible dangers, minor inconveniences, and what truly defines a friend in the new media world we live in. I felt Garreau came across as jaded by most of the interviews he conducted. He did not seem to speak with a wide array of people that gave positive impacts social media can have, but rather focused on the negatives of the subject. Garreau did bring up valid points, however, from personal safety to the aspect of differentRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society987 Words   |  4 Pages The Negative Impact of Social Media on Society Marylin Vos Savant once said, â€Å"Email, instant messaging, and cell phones give us fabulous ability, but because we live and work in our own little worlds, that communication is totally disorganized†. The society we live in today requires modern technology. Texting, tweeting, and other forms of abbreviated communications are now changing how we speak. Of course technology and social media to be precise, is not necessarily evil; they have boosted the world’sRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society1652 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1968, popular artist Andy Warhol had brought to attention his opinion on the over-populated celebrity society of the time with his quote â€Å"In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes†. Times change, and the future approached, but Andy may have underestimated just how true that is. Nowadays, the quote has been translated to fit the modern times, â€Å"everyone will be famous for 15mb†. The quote being changed to that says a lot about the times that we are going through right now, whichRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social media is a variety of platforms provided to the public as a medium for expression and communication. Seemingly, social media could be viewed as a positive contribution to society, but one must consider the underlying effects of society. Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individualsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pageswaiting for their next high, society has become more and more dependent on social media. One must realize, while the use of social media in today’s society is a necessity due to the fast-paced environment that has been created, it can never fully replace the value received from personal interaction with others. The short film titled, The Library Book, perfectly illustrates this as the charact ers within the film learn to assimilate in a society dominated by social media. The actions of each characterRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages What it Means to be Black In 2016, society is at a place where people are able to discover tons of information at the touch of a finger; this indeed can impact on how we view common things in society, such as identity. This statement holds true for â€Å"blacks† or African Americans as well. The stigma that comes with being black has been around for centuries; however, many blacks are using social media to combat negativity. In an era predicated on the use of the internet, black people have proven to

Low Voltage Effects on Ac Motors Free Essays

Low Voltage Effects on AC Motors A drop in voltage will result in a proportionate increase in current. If the current exceeds the nameplate rating and is not corrected, this can result in damage to the motor from overheating Nameplate Rating An electric motor will have a nameplate rating for both voltage and amperage. When a load is on a motor, the motor must draw a fixed amount of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Low Voltage Effects on Ac Motors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The required power is about equal to volts times amps. Should the voltage fall below the nameplate rating, the amperage will increase. This can result in increased heat that will shorten the motor’s life, according to Motorsanddrives. om. Torque The motor is subject to several kinds of torque. The starting or start-up torque is the amount present when the motor is stationary and power is applied. The pull-up torque is the minimum amount necessary for the motor during the starting sequence. Effects of Low Voltage on Torque A reduced amount of voltage will reduce the amount of torque. This can result in difficulty for start loads. A reduction of voltage to 80 percent would result in a torque value of only 64 percent. In light loads, a reduction in voltage may actually be preferable because it will result in increased efficiency. Even a small voltage unbalance will result in large current unbalance during the running of motor by a factor of 6 times. †¢ Negative phase sequence components will lead to heating of motor †¢ Negative phase sequence currents leads to reduction in motor output torque. †¢ Motor is forced to run at higher slip leading to increased rotor loss and reduced efficiency. †¢ Electricity boards should look in to this phenomenon seriously where irrigation pump sets suffer the voltage imbalance, even 1% loss of efficiency for the country like India would mean a great loss. HP irrigation pump sets with a quantity of 6 Lakh approximate, the loss of power would be 22MW and annual wastage of Rs. 47. 5 millions (At 3 Rs/unit, 4 Hrs of Pump working and 6 month’s season Keys to maximize the service life of industrial motors Why do motors fail? Certain components of motors degrade with time and operating stress. Electrical insulation weakens over time with exposure to voltage unbalance, over and under-voltage, voltage disturbances, and temperature. Contact between moving surfaces causes wear. Wear is affected by dirt, moisture, and corrosive fumes and is greatly accelerated when lubricant is misapplied, becomes overheated or contaminated, or is not replaced at regular intervals. When any components are degraded beyond the point of economical repair, the motor’s economic life is ended. For the smallest and least expensive motors, the motor is put out of service when a component such as a bearing fails. Depending upon type and replacement cost, larger motors—up to 20 or 50 horsepower (hp)—may be refurbished and get new bearings, but are usually scrapped after a winding burnout. Still larger and more expensive motors may be refurbished and rewound to extend life indefinitely. An economic analysis should always be completed prior to a motor’s failure to ensure that the appropriate repair/replace decision is made. Extend Motor Life with Improved Bearing Care Bearing failures are the root cause for the great majority of electric motor downtime, repair and replacement costs. Bearing and motor manufacturers are aware of the situation. Motor repair shops can attribute much of their business to bearing failures. And motor users see bearing failure as the fundamental cause of virtually every electric motor repair expense. Studies conducted by the Electrical Apparatus Service Association also demonstrate that bearing failures are by far the most common cause of motor failures. Knowing that shaft bearings are the Achilles’ heel of industrial electric motors is not a new idea in maintenance departments, but what is new is recognizing that something can be done to prevent most motor bearing failures. Factors Affecting Bearing Life Electric motors actually present a relatively easy duty for shaft bearings. The motor rotor is lightweight, yet because of its large shaft diameter, the bearings are large. For example, the bearings supporting the 140 lb. Rotor for a typical 40 hp. 1800 rpm industrial motor are so large that they have an L-10 minimum design fatigue life of 3000 years, or 10 percent of the bearings are statistically expected to fail from fatigue after 3000 years of operation. Plant operating experience, however, strongly contradicts such optimistic estimates of motor bearing life. In actual industrial environments, bearing failure is rarely caused by fatigue; it is caused by less-than-ideal lubrication. Because of contaminated lubrication, bearings fail well before they serve their theoretical fatigue life. There are many reasons for less than-ideal bearing lubrication. Lubricants can leak out; chemical attacks or thermal conditions can decompose or break down lubricants; lubricants can become contaminated with non-lubricants such as water, dust, or rust from the bearings themselves. These lubrication problems can be eliminated. Motor bearings can last virtually forever by simply providing an ideal contamination-free, well-lubricated bearing environment. Conventional wisdom teaches that such an ideal motor bearing environment can be provided by using a dry-running lip seal or using sealed (lubricated-for-life) bearings. Indeed, for many light-duty applications, such bearing protection techniques are often sufficient to allow bearings to last as long as the equipment itself. However, these bearing protection methods have not significantly reduced the rate of bearing failure in severe-duty industrial motors. Bearings in industrial applications continue to fail because of inadequate lubrication caused by lubricant loss, contamination, and decomposition and break-down. Lip seals invariably wear out well before the bearing fails, and sealed bearings inherently foreshorten the life of a bearing to the service life of the contained grease (usually only about 3,000 to 5,000 hours for most industrial services). Maintenance professionals may find the following suggestions on how to forestall motor hearing failure obvious, but some new techniques and technologies are available. Lubricate Bearing at Correct Intervals Despite years of warnings from bearing manufacturers, over lubrication continues to plague many motor bearings. Too much grease can cause overheating of the bearings. The lubrication instructions supplied by the motor manufacturer will specify the quantity and frequency of lubrication. Generally, two-pole motors should be greased twice a year, four-pole and slower motors only once a year. Use the Best Available Grease The most commonly used bearing grease is polyurea-based, a low-cost, low-performance, highly compatible lubricant. However, it does not handle water well, a serious drawback for many industrial applications. It reacts readily with water and loses its ability to lubricate bearings. Industrial motor bearings should be lubricated with a synthetic-based aluminum complex grease. A high-quality grease pays for its additional cost in reduced motor downtime and repair costs. Keep Out Moisture Unless the motor is being hosed down or it operates in a humid environment, reasonably shielded motor bearings may not become seriously contaminated with moisture while the motor is running. However, when the rotor is shut down, moisture and condensation can collect on the surface of the bearing components. Eventually, this water breaks through the oil and grease barrier, contacts the metal parts of the bearing, and produces tiny particles of iron oxide. These rust particles make an excellent grinding compound when mixed with the grease. resulting in premature failure of the bearing because of surface degradation. Preventing water contamination is a major challenge to bearing housing design. Close shaft-to-endbell clearances cannot stop the movement of humid air. Contact seals will quit contacting, resulting in large gaps that allow movement of air and water vapor across the bearing. Vapor-blocking bearing isolators, such as the one illustrated, are among the more successful devices presently available to prevent water vapor from entering a stationary bearing. When the motor shaft is rotating, the isolator opens, eliminating the possibility of friction and wear. However, when the shaft is stationary, the isolator closes, preventing movement of air or water across its face. With no wear from rotating friction, the seal may last indefinitely, and surely as long as the fatigue-failure life of the bearing. Keep Out Dirt Lip seals, contact seals, and frequent grease replacement help minimize the amount of dirt and other air-borne abrasives that can contaminate bearing lubricant. These solutions, however, have some drawbacks. Lip seals have a short service life, and frequent grease displacement is expensive and messy. One successful approach to keeping air-borne dirt and liquids out of an operating bearing is to install a labyrinth-type non-contact seal over the bearing housing. These bearing isolators, readily available from suppliers, combine a tortuous labyrinth path with impingement and centrifugal forces to trap and remove air-borne dirt and liquid; virtually no contamination can reach the bearing. Because the bearing isolator is a non-contact device, it will generally be the longest-lasting component of the motor. Although not intended as such, a bearing isolator could serve as an emergency sleeve bearing if the primary bearing fails, possibly preventing damage to the motor’s stator and rotor. In emergency situations, the bearing isolator can allow continued operation for a short time and still prevent the need to rewind the motor when the bearing is replaced. Bearing isolators constructed of bronze or other non-sparking materials also can prevent hazardous sparks that could otherwise occur when the bearing’s rolling elements fail. Other Suggestions Improved bearing protection and lubrication will reduce downtime and the maintenance costs of electric motors, but other important motor design features contribute to long service life, including over-sized high quality bearings, high-tech winding insulation, superior fan design, high-performance paint (such as epoxy) and a strong, rigid cast iron frame. These features, usually standard or readily available, are found in most industrial-grade severe-duty electric motors. High-performance bearing protection systems. however, are not universally accepted as essential for long motor life. Specifying permanent bearing protection for new motors, or retrofitting isolators onto existing equipment, usually requires initiative on the part of the user’s maintenance or engineering staff. Permanent, absolute bearing protection has a greater effect on motor life than any other decisions made in specifying, equipping, and caring for electric motors. Keeping bearings lubricated with the right amount of clean, uncontaminated, high-quality lubricant allows bearings in most industrial motors to outlast all other motor components. How to cite Low Voltage Effects on Ac Motors, Papers

Volcanos Essay Example For Students

Volcanos Essay Volcanos occur all over the world.The best know volcano zones occur on the destructive plate margin around the Pacific Ring of Fire.This chain of volcanos that lie along the west coast of central and south America,Japan and the Philippines,across New Zealand and into the Atlantic.Volcanos also occur in mid-ocean along the line of ocean ridges.The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ocean floor volcanos.When these volcanos erupt lava flows from the cracks building up the ocean floor.Volcanos can also occur away from plate boundaries.These are the Hawaiian Volcanos.As you can see there are lots of places were volcanos occur.Sometimes these volcanos are where humans have settled.To help protect our belongings and save human lives we have developed ways to predict when volcanos are about to erupt.Here are some. PredictionsTwo main methods are used to predict when volcanos are about to erupt.These methods are called geophysical techniques,and chemical techniques. The geophysical method can detect any changes in the rock below.As the magma rises it forces the rocks apart,Which can create minor earthquakes on and or around the mountain.These can be detected on a seismographs.A seismograph picks up the seismic waves the earthquake gives off and records them.A seismograph works by a pen and a weight suspended on a spring.As the earth shakes the pen writes the waves,called a seismogram,on a revolving drum.A comparison can be used.They take two or more seismographs readings to pin point exactly where the magma is trying to surface.This technique is successful in Hawaii where they are a lot of volcanos.The place and the time of eruptions have been forecast accurately.Before a volcano is about to explode the ground around it swells with magma.This causes the ground to start to tilt.The tilt can be measured by an instrument called a tiltmeter.Two containers are half filled with water.And a tube connects the two.As magma rises and changes the a!ngle of the earth.Water goes into the lower container.Scientist can tell if the volcano is getting more active.When magma moves its gravity changes.This change in gravity can be detected by using gravimeters.When rock is heated to a certain temperature.It looses its magnetism.And this can be detected with a magnetometer.When magma rises to the surface it gives off heat.This heat can be detected with a intfa-red temperature surveys.Sometimes chemical methods are used.They measure the volcanic gases at hit springs and at fumaroles which are openings in the ground were gases escape from.Just before a volcano is about to erupt there is an increase in certain gases.These gases are chlorine compounds,sulphor oxides,carbon dioxide,hydrogen, and radon. DamagesWhen a volcano erupts huge amounts of lava are spewed out of the volcano.These huge flows of lava can wipe out towns.This type of volcanic eruption is called Hawaiian.These volcanos put on fire shows .They are rarely violent or explosive ,because the lava is fluid enough to let the gases escape easily.The lava flows out of boccas.These volcanos are not really dangerous.But they can cause alot of damage if people or buildings get in its way.A strombolian eruptions are more violent producing a lot thicker lava.Because the lava is thicker the gas can not escape easily from it making the lava hostile.The plinain eruptions ar the most dangerous .They hurl huge amounts of pumice as high as fifty kilometers into the atmosphere.Then is ash falls over wide areas.Then this is followed by pyoclastic flows,where hot gases and ash pour out of the vent.These flows rush across the landscape ,burning and burying anything in its path.This is the eruption that happened to Mount St. Helen in th! e U.S.A. Wisps of steam were coming out of the vents on the side of the mountain.During a period of several weeks a three hundred foot high wedge shaped bulge developed on the south side of the mountain as a result of rock and ice being pushed up.There were gaping cracks in the glaciers.They were gray with a dusting in volcanic ash.Weeks later the bulge blew sending ash and mud slides down the mountain wiping any thing that got in its way.The eruption cause a lot of damage.It created the worlds biggest clear cut.Two hundred and thirty square miles of trees lay in a tangled mess after the eruption.But people were trying to save as much of the lumber as they could.They were hauling out Five hundred loads a day of the fallen trees.But of all those able to be salvaged one point eight billion board feet of timber was destroyed.The eruption also took out some human life.Sixty five people were killed in the eruption.But the most damage was done to the surrounding wildlife.Five thou!sand wh ite tailed deer were killed,One thousand five hundred elk,two hundred black bears,fifteen mountains goats,plus unknown numbers of mountain lions,bobcats,small rodents,birds,fish,and insects were also killed.The whole population of spotted owls were completely wiped out.That was some things that can happen here are some more.Ash can bury structures and cause people to suffocate or if ash mixes with water it creates huge mud flows that race down mountain sides,clogging rivers.Hot chucks of lava and ash can start fires far from the lava flows.The earthquakes that accompany the eruptions can destroy buildings.The value of the damage consists of how bad the eruption was and if it was near any civilization.A very bad eruption near a city can cause millions and millions of dollars of damage and a great loss of lives. Even a small eruption with a lot of lava flow can cause millions of dollars of damage.If a volcano out in the wilderness explodes .The value of the damage can dif!fer.From how much value you place on the wildlife and trees.When Mount St. Helen exploded ash from the volcano clogged major rivers.The rivers were the Toutle and Cowlitz.The U.S Army Corps of Engineers took the task to unclog it.The cost of this was a quarter of a billion dollar.This gives you an idea how much money it costs to fix something damaged by a volcano. .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .postImageUrl , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:hover , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:visited , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:active { border:0!important; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:active , .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429 .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1b5ce51abc00fd59b59b26421c756429:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oppenheimer and The ATomic Bomb EssayPrecautionsBecause we sometimes have to live near volcanos.We have to take some precautions in case they ever erupt.All new buildings being built in the vicinity of volcanos should be earthquake proof .Mud flows,landslides,and lava can cause a lot of damage.There for dams and public buildings should be located so they dont get destroyed by these forces.People should be aware of the warning signs of a volcano ,earthquakes and ash being spewed out.They should what to do if they have to leave the town quickly in case the volcano does blow. Reference sorces-The World Book Encyclopedia 18 pg223We watched Mount St. Helen blow its toppg54-55,Mount St. Helen 721-727,Volcanos and Earthquakes pg23-43,Science Dimensions pg236-237

Research Papers free essay sample

Reebok scam Rs 870 crore corporate fraud in the operation of  Reebok India  have detected a systemic mismanagement in the business planning and running of the company reportedly done by some of its officials and employees. The governance and operations in the company were mismanaged. The bills were inflated and not recorded correctly. So, the probe clearly indicates that it was not a corporate scam in the apparel manufacturing firm but it was non-adherence to the rules and guidelines of business procedures in the firm,† The I-T Dept. hich has indicated to an alleged Rs 140 crore tax evasion in the case Reebok India had alleged that its former Managing Director Subhinder Singh Prem and Chief Operating Officer Vishnu Bhagat were involved in a Rs 870-crore fraud by indulging in criminal conspiracy and fraudulent practices over a period of time. People arrested former Managing Director Subhinder Singh Prem and Chief Operating Officer Vishnu Bhagat Sanjay Mishra, Prashant Bhatn agar and Surakshit Bhat. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Papers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Singh and Bhat were booked for fraud, criminal conspiracy and other charges under IPC for allegedly siphoning off the sportswear companys money by creating ghost distributors across the country and generating forged bills over the last five years. Adidas Slashes Reebok Targets Adidas (ADSGn. DE) slashed its 2015 sales target for its struggling Reebok brand to 2 billion euros from 3 billion euros after losing a major American football contract and fraud was discovered at its Indian operation. The German company, the worlds second-largest sports apparel company behind Nike (NKE. N), bought Reebok in August 2005 for $3. 8 billion.Sales at Reebok slumped 26 percent in the second quarter and annual revenue is expected to fall from 2011s 1. 96 billion euros. Its performance contrasts sharply with the rest of the Adidas group, which expects overall sales to rise nearly 10 percent in 2012. Adidas Chief Executive Herbert Hainer has said that Reebok needs to come up with new products and will focus on fitness categories such as keep-fit trend Crossfit, running, gym, yoga and dance The company kept an overall target to increase group sales to 17 billion euros by 2015, with faster than expected growth at its Adidas brand and golf business offsetting the weakness at Reebok.The company announced in April that it had uncovered commercial irregularities at Reebok India and replaced management there. It said the fraud and a subsequent restructuring of Indian operations would cost Adidas almost 200 million euros. Brand Ambassadors for Reebok Yuvraj singh, Bipasha Basu, Mahindra Singh Dhoni in INDIA Brand Ambassadors for Adidas Brand ambassadors such as Lionel Messi and David Beckham for football, NBA star Derrick Rose for Basketba ll, pop icons Katy Perry, Sachin Tendulkar etc.

Free Essays on Paraphilias

Paraphilias is a set of disorders which include intense sexual urges or arousing fantasies that involve inanimate objets, sexual behaviors with non-human objects, and humiliation or suffering of one’s self or another person. Sexual behaviors could also involve children or a non-consenting adult. While paraphilias is rare, it is far more common among men(about 20 to 1 males to females), however, the reason for this imbalance is not clearly understood. While few of these disorders are related to aggressive behavior, not all of them are harmful or aggressive. Some paraphilias - such as exhibitionism, pedophilia and voyeurism are criminal offences. In the following paragraphs, I will be explaining each of the most common paraphilias, as well as the cause and the treatment. Also, I will be explaining how they are involved in the field of policing. Exhibitionism (commonly male) may consist of masturbating while exposing himself, or possibly while fantasizing about exposing himself. The exhibitionist may be familiar with his need to terrorize, startle, or impress the reluctant bystander. The victim is generally in all cases, a child or a female adult. The outbreak of this disorder is usually in the mid 20's, but occasionally, the first acts will most often take place during adolescence and then carry on into adulthood. It is believed that 30% of the arrested male sex offenders are exhibitionist. About 20 to 50% of all sex offenders are rearrested, which leave them with the highest recidivism rate of all sex offenders. Exhibitionist are usually married, but the marriage is most often tormented by a poor sexual adjustment (constant sexual dysfunction), and poor social adjustments. Sexual abuse and significant childhood encounters may be the cause of exhibitionistic behavior. The treatment involves psychotherapy which is focused on determining and also working though the cause of the behavior. At times, prescribed medic... Free Essays on Paraphilias Free Essays on Paraphilias Paraphilias is a set of disorders which include intense sexual urges or arousing fantasies that involve inanimate objets, sexual behaviors with non-human objects, and humiliation or suffering of one’s self or another person. Sexual behaviors could also involve children or a non-consenting adult. While paraphilias is rare, it is far more common among men(about 20 to 1 males to females), however, the reason for this imbalance is not clearly understood. While few of these disorders are related to aggressive behavior, not all of them are harmful or aggressive. Some paraphilias - such as exhibitionism, pedophilia and voyeurism are criminal offences. In the following paragraphs, I will be explaining each of the most common paraphilias, as well as the cause and the treatment. Also, I will be explaining how they are involved in the field of policing. Exhibitionism (commonly male) may consist of masturbating while exposing himself, or possibly while fantasizing about exposing himself. The exhibitionist may be familiar with his need to terrorize, startle, or impress the reluctant bystander. The victim is generally in all cases, a child or a female adult. The outbreak of this disorder is usually in the mid 20's, but occasionally, the first acts will most often take place during adolescence and then carry on into adulthood. It is believed that 30% of the arrested male sex offenders are exhibitionist. About 20 to 50% of all sex offenders are rearrested, which leave them with the highest recidivism rate of all sex offenders. Exhibitionist are usually married, but the marriage is most often tormented by a poor sexual adjustment (constant sexual dysfunction), and poor social adjustments. Sexual abuse and significant childhood encounters may be the cause of exhibitionistic behavior. The treatment involves psychotherapy which is focused on determining and also working though the cause of the behavior. At times, prescribed medic...

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Critcal analysis of synergetic mergers and aquisition (case Porsche Essay

Critcal analysis of synergetic mergers and aquisition (case Porsche Volkswagen) - Essay Example The objective of the present study is to critically evaluate the synergism that ‘M & As’ in the automobile industry achieved primarily through the Review of Literature method and supplement its findings through expert interviews. The questionnaire for the interviews was evolved based on a study of the extant management literature on the subject. This researcher observed that prima facie, a large number of references in the management literature deal with the motivations, mechanics and guidelines for achieving the objectives of ‘M & As’ per se. References to the automobile industry were few and far between. A possible reason for this was apparent from a research study published by scholars in the Groningen University, which brings out the relevance of organisations’ R & D intensity to the use of ‘M & As’ as a growth strategy. It is the fond hope of this researcher that the present study ever so humbly extends the available literature on th e subject and also inspires further studies. Management literature recognises ‘M & As’ as an important corporate growth strategy when organisations reach the limits of organic growth or in the context of globalisation and opportunities available worldwide. However when management literature refers to ‘M & As’, it also includes alliances, acquisitions, mergers and takeovers with its variations like hostile takeovers. The objective of all these processes is to create a larger and financially more powerful company. Even at the global level M &As have increased in number and scale phenomenally since the 1990s. Businesses use them to consolidate in their search for scale economies, to increase their global reach and competitiveness, acquire competencies, or new technologies and convergence of services. There have been four phases of global M & As beginning with the later part of the nineteenth century and

Information flows and financial management Essay - 2

Information flows and financial management - Essay Example This essay intends to give an implicit description on its operation and transacting. More importantly, the first two scenarios in the test-drive manual. The scenarios are, project code and transfer of funds. This introductory part intends to acquaint a first time user. It entails procedures followed and observations made when running the test drive through the two stated scenarios. Project code is a simple document that adds to the Kauli Financial system. The person who enter a document in this system is referred to us the author or initiator. On completion of selecting and accumulation of data, the system is able to route the eDoc automatically for online approval. Routing is only possible if its setting in the system is active. This process starts by clicking the â€Å"Main Menu† tab. On â€Å"Look up and Maintenance† tab click ‘Project Code’. The Look up screen appears. At this point, click â€Å"Create new† to create a new electronic document. The eDoc format appears with an assigned identity number on the top of the screen (Dan, 2011). In reference to the directive on the manual on how to find valid principal names by using several and different characters, it was unsuccessful (Dan, 2011).Tom Edwards is an alternative principal name in the project manager principal space. After the above steps, submission of the form for approval is done by clicking on the â€Å"submit† tab. The screen indicated the following details: The specified project manager principal name, the specified chart code and the specified organization code does not exist. However, using valid codes and principal name, the form’s submission succeeds. This technicality happens because of the rules guiding validation. These rules are unique in each institution (Dan, 2011). The question in this observation any first time user might ask is, â€Å"why the form was not successfully submitted?† Answering this

Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Decision Making Essay 1.What issues would you take into account? The stakeholders welfare, responsibility towards the society (in this case it can be identified as United States or as broad as the global inhabitants) which includes environmental issues, and also the ethics. For sure one more important issue is profitability or survivability of the firm. All of the issues mentioned earlier may be thought of as means for ensuring the long-run success of the company. 2.What major sources of uncertainty do you face? The major sources of uncertainty include research and development, and market analysis. â€Å"Will the substitute product work and would it be working the same?† â€Å"Is the ozone problem really directly related to Chlorofluorocarbons, or a normal cycle has actually caused these observed recent changes?† Finally, â€Å"could Du Pont’s efforts really have an effect, and how much?† â€Å"Is this effect going to bring any profit for the company?† and as a market analysis viewpoint, â€Å"will the market and society accept them?† 3.What corporate objectives would be important for you to consider? Do you think that DuPont’s objectives and the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-70s when CFCs were just beginning to become an issue? DuPont’s views of the situation Of course have changed over time. Early on, the chlorofluorocarbon issue was basically ignored. DuPont was the largest CFC producer in the world with a 25% market share in the 1980s.This product was a less hazardous alternative to the sulfur dioxide and ammonia and was widely used as refrigerants in refrigeration, ACs, and medical inhalers for asthma patients. In March 15, 1988 NASA announced that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica, but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. After NASA announcement, DuPont announced that it would begin to phase out the CFCs. It invested more than $500 million in this case and commercialized a family of refrigerants with zero or lower ozone depletion effects in January 1991 for the first time.

Retinitis Pigmentosa Essay -- Health, Diseases, Vision Loss, Blindnes

The study proposed herein aims to accomplish the following: To determine the optimal exposure, gamma, contrast, and brightness corrections necessary to increase the perceived contrast of images by individuals affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and to determine the optimal image overlay of input signals corrected at both high and low thresholds such that perceived contrast is maximized. Additionally, this study will develop an I/O system of minimal necessary size responsible for image processing following image acquisition from micro cameras that will output post-processed image data onto small, high resolution LCD/LED screens contained in a wearable binocular device similar to commercially available home theater glasses. Lastly, this study aims to expose a cohort of individuals affected with Retinitis Pigmentosa to a series of images, environments, and scenes typically difficult for RP affected individuals to observe and distinguish due to color similarities and decreased contrast and brightness; and subsequently assess the effectiveness of the wearable prosthesis based on the accuracy of object identification both with and without the device. SIGNIFICANCE: Vision loss affects millions of people worldwide. According to a 2002 survey by the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 37 million individuals worldwide are totally blind, with 124 million having low vision. The WHO defines low vision and blindness as varying degrees of loss of visual acuity and visual field loss, relative to the better eye, with optimal correction. Blindness affects both genders, with individuals over 50 comprising 82% of the blind population. Causes of blindness vary, with approximately 60% being due to cataract and refractive errors which are... ...and RP1 (Ziviello 2005). More complex mechanisms for RP development have been suggested, such as mutations in carbonic anhydrases. Because photoreceptors have high metabolic needs, acidic metabolites resulting from aerobic and anaerobic respiration, such as lactic acid, are produced in large quantities by these cells, and as such necessitate removal to maintain pH homeostasis (Alvarez 2007). This is inherently troublesome due to the avascular nature of the retina. This function is instead performed by the choriocapilaris, and is reliant upon the activity of multiple enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase four (CA4). CA4 thereby helps to maintain pH homeostasis which is critical to the health and proper functioning of the photoreceptors, with CA4 mutations compromising this regulatory ability, resulting in photoreceptor degeneration, and subsequently RP (Alvarez 2007).

Analysis Of The Indian Dairy Industry Essay

My new venture is Lakshmi Dairy which (According to Hindu mythology cow is considered to be the goddess of wealth and prosperity) attempts to encroach the simple dairy merchandise. Processing the milk in my dairy which iam likely to set up in my home town, that is acquired from farmers from surrounding villages. My ultimate target would be from the day-to-day consumption and flourishing dairy products such as butter, cheese, yoghurt, especially types of Milk itself i.e., Skimmed milk, semi-skimmed, whole milk. Keeping in mind my previous experience, in my family business (Lakshmi Milk Booth) along with my father, collecting milk from various farmers and distributing them in our village, which I thought will be helpful for me in starting a dairy firm. This helps me to expand my family business (Lakshmi milk booth) by employing my villagers who at least have a minimum qualification which helps them in handling the sophisticated equipment that is used in this whole process. Introduction: see more:non farming activities in india Food, clothes and shelter are the three basic necessities of human beings where food is considered to the first and foremost thing for the survival of the human beings (source). It can be consumed in the form of liquids such as water, milk, natural fruit juice, beverages etc as well as solids such as baked food, cooked food, natural fruits and vegetables etc. As milk is considered as the highly nutritious and the complete food, it is consumed in a large quantity. Especially, for the kids who are less than 3 yrs old, it is suggested by doctors that Milk gives sufficient calcium, proteins and vitamins before they can digest any other food (reference, u can’t say on ur own). Not only kids but also people who are aged above 45 yrs are habituated to consume milk as a part of their break fast, as it strengthens teeth and bones and supplies required calcium (reference please). Indian dairy industry: Agriculture is the largest private sector and is also known to be the lifeline of the Indian economy. More than 60% of the population is dependant on the agriculture while 58.2% of the work force is directly or indirectly employed by means of agriculture. (Reference please, when giving facts and figures u need references for sure) Dairy farming is the most important part of the agriculture for thousands of years now and India is the largest milk producer. It produces 112 million MT with the highest share of 13% of the world’s production, which costs approximately 105,946 crores ( £1 = 72) (Shiva kumar Hedaoo, 2010) (this one is ok) Dairy industry is the highest contributor of the rural economy and hence it is considered to be the backbone of the agricultural sector. It is the leading source of nutrition, Bio-gas, employment, income of cash and a ‘cushion for drought proofing in India (Patel, 1993; Paroda, 1998). http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 1/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Market Research: The world’s largest and the cheapest milk producer is India (Shiva kumar Hedaoo, 2010). Dairy products in India have a market value for about 100 billion. For many years now, the dairies in India have been delivering universally required products such as Semi-skimmed and skimmed milk, vanaspathi (ghee), butter, cheese etc. So as to capture the market place they have also started producing new dairy products like low fat milk, sweet yogurt etc. also the traditional sweets like rasmalai, rasgullas etc.  there  by creating an opportunity for the new entries. Dairy farming industry in India is one of the most rapidly growing industries, which is in turn is providing various opportunities for the new entrepreneurs. However, media (electronic and press) and the government play a key role in educating the people about the importance of the milk consumption and its products regularly. As per the recent (which market survey mention it)market survey, it is considered that the total population of India is 168 crores approximately. On the other hand, doctors and reputed health organisations are constantly advising us to include at least 100 ml of milk per day in our daily meal. (reference please, which doctor or doctors or doctors association)In that case, if every individual starts consuming 100 ml per day, the milk consumption on the whole might be 168,000 tons approximately. The growth and expansion of Dairy industry in India is likely, due to the development of the urban communities. The global consumption of milk has tremendously increased but it has become a challenge to meet the basic nutritional value of the dairy products in the under developed, developed and developing countries. The growth in per capita income might impact and eventually increase the consumption of milk and its products. Through the historical data, it is evident that as per the Indian standards the consumption of the dairy products could be more of the live stock products. The changes are more likely when the mankind start adopting the new lifestyle, food habits which are considered to be a part of the socioeconomic and the demographic factors (Radhakrishan and Ravi, 1990).(ok) Structure of the Industry: India is a developing country. Moreover, the dairy industry in India is not well established when compared to that of western countries. More than 90% of the dairy products are delivered by unliterary/unorganized sector and only 10% are delivered by organized sectors. (Shiv Kumar Hedaoo, 2010, referencing goes like (Hedaoo, 2010) that’s it).(other than that Fine) Many dairies adopted the most traditional and the ancient ways of producing milk and its products. Until the past few years countries like India have been concentrating only on limited and regional dairy products like yogurt  (regular), butter, cheese etc. Since the last 3 years, in order to capture the market, they have been producing the new dairy products such as sweet yogurt, flavoured milk shakes etc. (Shiv Kumar Hedaoo, 2010).gud SWOT Analysis: T he best of the data for conducting the SWOT analysis has been gathered considering the real instances of my (Give some name) Family Business (Milk) and the recent information on Dairy Industry in India, especially focusing on rural (villages) areas. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 2/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Strengths: India is well known for largest live stock owning, as it has about 61% of buffaloes and 19% of cattle of the world (GOI, 2002). (Gud) In the year 1992, the livestock in India was 470.86 millions approximately (Sharma, June 2002 page 8, (u don’t need page and month while citation, it should be like this (Sharma, 2002) that’s it). Considerably the labour and the whole production unit costs are less when compared to that of other countries. Also, India stands in the 2nd place in terms of the population and also the 7th largest country in the world of which 43% of the land has been used for agriculture purpose. Weaknesses: The two drawbacks of dairy Industry in India are as follows: In spite of availability of the various sophisticated equipments, most of the Dairy firms in India still tend to use the ancient techniques for the process of production. Any Source u can proof ur point Most of the dairy firms in India are unorganized. (Hedaoo, 2010), I have done this referencing for u†¦ Opportunities: In recent days, we could see that there has been tremendous increase in the consumption of milk, which wouldn’t have been possible without the intervention of media and the government. The key task performed was educating the people about the dairy products and its importance which effectively increased the consumption of milk. Hence, they created an opportunity for the new entities to capture the market share. Government has also made it easy for the dairy firms to import the highly sophisticated equipments with very less excise duty charges and the licensing policies etc. (u need source/reference to cover up ur this point) Threats: Unfortunately, many other western countries are exporting high quality dairy products to India due to the liberalization and the WTO full form please, as u havn’t mention it before agreements, teacher will say I don’t know what is it. Hence, there are high end milk products that are readily available in the market which could be at a major threat to the new entities. (How is the main point, rite it down) My Business Concept: I would hereby like to talk about the whole business plan (Lakshmi Dairy Firm) that I am likely (likely word shud not come, as u must be sure as a business women) to start. My family is based out of Thadepalligudem (a small village with more than 300 families among which there could be 85% illiterates approximately (Source)) in Costal Andhra (Andhra Pradesh, the highest milk producing state in India). Our family has been running a small business across http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 3/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry the village for almost 32 yrs now. I helped my father in the business, apart from my studies, since I was 12 yrs old which helped me gain some knowledge in establishing my own firm based on my experience. My father, mother and 3 more staff that we have engaged used to collect milk twice a day (at 6 am and 5 pm) at the milk booth, apart from which we have a delivery staff of size 15. On an average we collect 3000-3500 litres (u can increase ur staff if u want as it seems to be much more enough for 5 people to collect milk, that’s my opinion) of milk from the villagers belonging to my own village and also the surroundings. Once the milk is gathered, it is sent for processing i.e., purifying, filtering and refining. One this process is complete; the milk is filled and stored in the container of with the capacity of 30 litres each. These cans are then distributed accordingly at homes, sweet shops, bakeries, hotels etc. in the near by towns and cities, by the delivery staff through various means (wrong spelling) of transportation like motorcycles, auto rickshaws etc. without actually packing or chilling. The distribution of the milk cans should not take more than 2 hrs; on the whole it takes 5 hrs from the time the milking is done to the time of delivery. If the entire stock is sold out, we get a minimum profit of 15% to the maximum of 20%. During the winter season, as the cows and buffaloes yield more milk, the production is high (by 6% to 8% on the whole) where as there is decrease in the consumption. As villages doesn’t have any kind of sophisticated equipment for storing the remaining milk, it goes waste i.e., loss. Due to the less consumption of milk (in winter season), the prices may drop down from 30% to 50% in the neighbourhood villages. Instead, if we have required modern equipments to convert milk into milk powder, we may still make more profit on the whole (5% higher than the normal profits). (gud natural point) During summer, the consumption of milk is likely to increase and hence there is more demand for the dairy products such as yogurt, butter, cheese, ghee etc. However, the production of milk during this season is very less.(why milk production is low in summers proof it) Also there is no latest machinery which could covert milk into several other dairy products in huge quantities, due to which we loose our valuable customers. Currently my family is carrying the business transactions between two cities and collecting the milk from six villages only. Also there is no dairy firm located for about 410 kms from my village, as my village itself and its surrounding villages are under developed and backward. In order to overcome the above mentioned difficulties, I have business plan of establishing a Milk Dairy in my village. Following are the reasons to choose my village for a launching a Milk Dairy: Have more livestock compared to other villages. Central place to 20 other villages (easy access). Near by to the cities with the population of more than 75,000 individuals. We own a land which is big enough to construct the building. To develop my village in terms of liveliness. Allocation of sufficient funds by government for the firms that are been established in the backward areas. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/analysis ­of ­the ­indian ­dairy ­industry ­marketing ­essay.php 4/7 12/18/2014 Analysis of the Indian dairy industry Initially, I would start of my business by introducing the highly sophisticated equipments, which helps us store the milk for longer time (say 20-25 days). The next equipment that I would introduce is the packing  machine (to sell the milk in packets as we do now) and a van with a built in chilling machine which makes it easy for the long distance transportation. We (our family business) are well known for the quality, punctuality/timely delivery and reasonable prices of the product, at the same time we maintain a good rapport with our staff by giving wages on time and lending advances. (Well done) Market and USP: In the cities and towns near by my village there could (u shud be certain with facts and figures while doing or starting business) be a population of about 80,000 approx. where it is assumed that 8,000 to 8,500 litres of milk can be sold out and the dairy products of 1700 to 1900 kilograms every day (varies from season to season). In my village, very limited numbers of dairy products are available (which products are they mention it please). However, the customers are not satisfied as they are unhygienic, low quality etc. Due to the lack of alternatives, they had to purchase it. (say we will provide better alternatives) Taking this as advantage I would like to produce more number of dairy products like milk powder, yogurt, skimmed and semi-skimmed milk etc. with high quality and reasonable prices. I strongly believe that the goodwill of my family will give a boost up, which I (u shud be certain while doing business whether it works or not) be successful by working with the well versed experienced staff. Competitors: As there is no dairy closer to my village, people are dependant on the regional milk sellers. There are four other competitors who has the similar business that we carry out, among which two of them are closed during summer (due to the less production of milk), while the other two has less reputation and fame when compared to us and we conquer 60% of the market share while the 40% is captured by the rest. Price and Margins: The primary objective of launching a Dairy firm is to make the hygienic, reasonable product available any time. The cost price of milk/litre is 9 to 13 and the selling price is 14 to 18 per litre ( £1=72*). If the entire stock  is sold out then we are likely to make a profit of 2 to 3 per litre. The left over milk will be processed to convert it into the milk powder, which in turn can be saved up to 6months and are sold out during summer (when in demand). The supplements like yogurt, ghee, and butter milk are bought from the farmers directly and are further processed to meet the quality. These dairy products can be sold with a margin profit of 15% at the maximum.a

Principals of instructional design Essay

Organizational strategy is concerned with vision goals and objectives of an organization. The task of an organization design is to look at the state of the business and to plan strategies organization that meets its needs. Managers of different organizations and companies should warm up to the advancing machinery analyze the situations of their organizations and see how the advancing technology would be of help when planning their strategy and making radical design changes to the organization. When creating a road map for the firm or company, the designer should put into consideration the vision of the company. Therefore, the plan that the designer comes up with should be in line with the vision of the organization. Other factors that the designers or managers of a company should think of before laying out a plan to change the organization and its structure are long term and short-term objectives of the organization and its goals (Brently, 2003). A goal is a general statement that is used to refer to the targets and aspirations that a company has and aims to accomplish. For these goals to be accomplished, determination and dedication to the work the employees do is highly recommended. My learning intervention is primarily about competence in the field of business. Competence has not been highly displayed in the business market and the intervention will be expected to instill real professionalism in these students once they graduate and are ready to venture into business. When the management of an organization decides to design strategies for their organizational it does not mean that, the organization was not strategized in the first place. It means that there is need to adjust to the changes that are happening daily in the global market. Starting the process of engineering again is all about main reformations of the organizations activities. It’s done to expand its structure when it comes to expenses incurred , the time the organization spends and how it meets the needs of the customers Repeated engineering of an organization means that the organization has to be redesigned from the beginning. The redesigning process starts with the most important processes. This saves a lot of time and costs that would have been incurred in the whole process compared to laying strategies when it is in its current structure. This will mean that major changes that are not very essential will have to be made which is far more expensive If a company had no existing departments, jobs and protocol, reengineering will involve design of an effective strategy that meets the objectives and accomplishes its goals. The process of reengineering begins when the designer’s are determined and put into consideration the needs of the customers. The company knows what is expected from it and develops a line up to cater for the clients or customers. Top management can create a competent team of people to design an organizational system that will achieve the laid strategy. Rethinking the organization is another factor to be considered. This is a process of Restructuring of the organization. Internal units under the management will be free to interrelate with each other and with the ecological forces. Some organizations display the traits of this management approach to organization design (Rodney, 1998). Managers in a global environment should consider what they have and do not have in common with other firms as well as the structural features of multinational organizations. More firms have made contact with the international arena and have found it essential to rethink the styles they came up with to help them adjust handle the cultural diversity for example, once a company has achieved a reasonable contact globally, it establishes an intercontinental distribution and this distribution is at the same organizational level as other major functional divisions. Learners will get to comprehend why technological and environmental changes are important in business and the effects that they have. They will be given insight on why changes in IT are happening so fast and extensively embraced. This will explain the reason why the relationship between the employees, allotment of information and harmonization of tasks need to be reviewed almost every day. Learners will understand why it is important to establish contacts and have good relation with the customers at the preliminary stage. They get to know how productivity is seen through involvement of people. Staying in touch with the customers is essential since it gives the designers ideas on what to consider as they design the strategies for a particular firm or organization. Learners will identify and explain dominant themes of current design strategies and their approaches. eg, universal approaches and contingency approaches. This is necessary because it helps the managers identify the best approach to use for their organization. The learner will explain how an organization is a system that is open and structured to incorporate two essential subsystems. The systems can be identified as the social and the technical subsystem (Maslow, 1998). Organizations are expected to lay strategies that take care of those in authority; they should also give an update of the relationships around the employees. The strategies are also supposed to cater for the training of interns and those already employed inspection, rewards and punishments. Learners will know what the task of management, which is to observe the environment and issue directions or orders on structures, rules and procedures. When teaching organizational strategies, a content outline and unit plan should be created. The content outline contains the topics that the tutor is supposed to cover in the entire course for example a topic on instructional design (Brently, 2003). The tutor explains the contents of the topic as an introduction at the beginning of the topic. This gives the learner an idea of what to expect in the course duration. The tutor assigns duration of time to each of the topics he intends to cover by the end of the course. He might decide to assign 4 weeks to the topic Principals of instructional design. He has estimated that by the end of the 4 weeks, the topic should have been completed and another one began. The relevance of the intervention and instruction is to help learners describe the general nature and extent of business and how global competition affects business operations and in general how to design strategies for the company or organization in order for the business to flourish. The intervention helps the students become competent in their different business fields. Therefore, the topics identified above all serve the purpose of instilling the relevant information for the intervention. The tutor is required to design a unit plan. It contains topics that will be taught, for example organizational design strategies. He should still give an introduction of the topic to the students (Maslow, 1998). The plan also contains time duration that each topic need to be completed. Again, it is an estimate and sometimes it extends but the tutor should try to keep time. It also contains room set up. That is the environment that the learning should take place in and its condition. The tutor should also identify the method of interaction. For example he might decide on small group discussions to give room for different opinions or to conduct a case study. The students can be asked to choose the people they want to work with. The materials for research or teaching are also included in the unit plan (Rodney, 1998). The materials could be slide’s, internet, resource books or journals. The teacher identifies the materials or media the students should use for a particular topic. The learning outcomes are not exceptional in a unit plan. This helps the tutor know if the objectives of the intervention have been accomplished. The tutor will explain if the topic teaches verbal, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills or attitude. For example, the topic Organizational strategies teach cognitive strategies and intellectual skills. With organizational designs in future (Brently, 2003). Taxononomy level is also included. The tutor states what domain the topic falls in. Cognitive, affective or psychomotor domain. A topic like steps to designing an organizational strategy falls in the affective domain. It involves making goals and attaining them. The tutor should include in the plan his plans for assessment. This may be a comprehensive evaluation at the end of the course. This provides the tutor with information on the effort put in the instruction and if the students achieved what they were supposed to achieve at the end of the course. The plan will have the main objective of the study, which in this case is to be competent in the business world.

Perry Hall MD essays

Perry Hall MD essays Perry Hall is located in Northeast Baltimore County. It is a prominent community with many businesses. Its boundaries are often confused with that of White Marsh because they share many things, including White Marsh Mall. Even though it is named White Marsh Mall, Perry Hall and White Marsh boundaries cut through the mall. Most people know that Perry Hall is a old town. The town was established before it was called Perry Hall. Perry Hall has had many names, Germantown being one. The town was finally called Perry Hall in 1775 after Perry Hall mansion, started by Corbin Lee and finished by Harry Dorsey Gough. Gough named it after his home Staffordshire, England Perry Hall. Perry Halls earliest records of settlement are the Susquehannock Indians. The Susquehannock Indians settled near what was then called Gunpowder River Valley; now called Gunpowder Falls State Park. In 1608, Captain John Smith lead the first European exploration of Gunpowder River Valley. In 1658, the first Europeans began to settle in the Gunpowder River Valley. In 1669, Henry Howard acquired 200 acres of land, later called Cullenbourne. In 1681, George Lingan purchased 1,000 acres of land near Great Gunpowder Falls, which will become later the Perry Hall estate. In 1697, one of the Indian sightings in Baltimore County was recorded, when Charles Hewitt testified that Susquehannock Indians raided his home During the time of 1700-1759 things began to fall into place in this small town of what is now Perry Hall. Industries were starting, such as forges, furnaces, and farms. In 1729, The Maryland General Assembly created Baltimore Town, lat...

Assignment Report On Eight Domains Of The Nmc Framework

Assignment Report On Eight Domains Of The Nmc Framework The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate my clinical and educational practice, especially in mentoring pre-registration nursing students, newly qualified nurses and internationally-educated nurses. All registered nurses have a professional duty to become mentors and play an important role in facilitating students to build their competency. I will aim to reflect on practice relative to the Eight Domains of the NMC framework and give an accurate analysis on how this can impact a student’s experiences and learning opportunities. Papp (2002) stated that, â€Å"student nurses highly value clinical practice and the possibilities it offers in the process of growing to become a nurse and a professional†. It is essential to create a positive learning environment that allows students to build confidence and therefore, bridge the gap between theory and practice. This promotes students’ interests in learning and encourages them to participate more. NMC Domains Establishing effective working relationships I was expecting a second-year student starting on the ward, therefore a students’ welcome pack was prepared and a discussion took place over the phone a few days prior the start day. The student had a few questions about shift times and was excited but worried to start, due to having no neurosurgical experience. I assured them that most of the other students were in that situation and that the team was looking forward to meeting and working with her. On the morning she arrived, I, as the nurse in charge, had allocated some of my morning duties to other members of staff so I could have an initial conversation with the student. In addition, I introduced her to the rest of the team, orientated her within the unit, and explained my role in the ward and the type of patients and how we distributed them. We discussed the student’s goals for this placement, the action plans to achieve them and further beneficial learning opportunities, for example: theatre time, bed meetings, shadowing specialist nurses, etc. I believe this initial meeting is an essential factor in building a mutual trust and working relation. Dunn and Hansford (1997) highlighted the importance of staff and student relationship informing initial perceptions of their learning environment as well as feeling part of an established nursing team. Facilitating Learning Within the initial conversation with the student I was working with, we discussed the learners’ objectives for this placement. I asked her what she felt she wanted from me as a mentor, what style of learning she preferred and what she felt assisted her to gain confidence with clinical skills. I discovered this made the student feel at ease in the learning environment. Furthermore, the student was reluctant and anxious to a verbal handover on the phone and we identified that as a goal to achieve in this placement. On the following days, I took the student and sat her next to me in three different occasions when I had to handover a patient to a local hospital. After she observed how I conduct myself, I asked her to go away and list the important clinical aspects she would need to inform the other hospital when doing a handover. A few days later, she had the occasion to handover a patient independently with me sitting next to her for support and with the list she made as a guide. She started very nervously but gained confidence towards the end of the call. She was very proud of what she had achieved and the approach allowed the student and myself to develop a learning plan based on the student’s needs. Research shows that clinical learning environments are considered as an anxiety and stress-provoking factor for pre-registration nursing students which can be barriers to learning. Effective and supportive mentorship help reduce anxiety and stress and could enhance students’ learning and performance. Assessment and Accountability Pellatt (2006) explains the importance of the nurses’ accountability when working with the students. As the nurse is accountable for the tasks they may delegate to the student, but insuring the student is competent in these tasks it will allow for safe practice. It is important to find out whether students have the traits to practice safely and effectively without any direct supervision on their own to be competent. A third-year student was allocated by myself the task of checking the vital signs of four patients. Even though the student was the one performing the task I, as the registered nurse, had the responsibility to check the observations were recorder and documented. When checking the patients’ observations charts, I realized that although they were filled out, one patient who should have been scoring on the Early Warning Score (EWS) system had not been identified and had been scored at 0. The EWS is a guide used to quickly determine the degree of illness of a patient. It has a policy to escalate and act quickly to prevent further deterioration (. As this student has been placed in the hospital for other clinical placements, I had expectations that he would have fully understood the EWS. We must work within our limits and if we do not know something, we must ‘ask’ in order to provide safe care. Moreover, I asked the student to evaluate his performance by asking him how well he thought he did. I listened to his side of the story and provide constructive feedback to identify his strengths as well as areas he has to work on. Giving constructive feedback is an important role of a mentor in student assessment. From this discussion, we put into place an action plan that allowed him to practice more on patients observations and study the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. I gave him a list of articles about EWS and asked him to read and interpret them. I also directed him to a microteaching session of EWS system. Once he felt confident and comfortable with his skills, the sign-off mentor and myself allocated him with four patients and evaluated him at the end of the shift. By the end of the day, the student was competent and self-assured in carrying out vital sign observations and mapping them on EWS. Mentoring gives an opportunity to reflect on our own actions and beliefs and helps us change our practices. Upon reflection, I have acknowledged my own strengths and weaknesses as a mentor, and become more aware of my role as an assessor. Thus, sometimes, nurses fail to fail students because they are not adequately prepared for the role. However, when a student does fail to meet the necessary foundation competence required by the NMC, then the only option would be to fail the student based on these ground rules. I believe that it takes a skilled mentor to quickly identify when a student requires more support and guide them through their learning with all available resources. Evaluation of learning In mentoring a student nurse it is essential to continuously evaluate and reflect on practice. Vuorinen et al (2001) found that evaluation is an important aspect of professional development. Therefore, ensuring adequate evaluation techniques are being used is imperative to a student nurses progression. As a mentor I encourage and welcome feedback from students with regards to my mentoring techniques and the environment in which they are learning. There is a difference in being a teacher or evaluator compared to being an assessor, an important role aspect of being mentors (Webb Shakespeare 2008). Being a mentor is challenging, especially when there is a shortage of staff as it reduces the amount of time that mentors could allocate to student assessment. Not only is this important for the progression but also my reflection on a personal practice. Clynes and Raffery (2014) highlight that effective feedback should not only explore areas or current practice, but should empower the studen t to proceed with excellent practical skills. Create an environment for learning When we share feedback on the learning environment, it allows my colleagues and I to ensure the ward is deemed appropriate by students’. Saarikoski Leino-kilpi (2002) emphasizes the need for a positive ward environment and a good leadership structure within the ward in order to maximize learning potential. Midgley (2006) identifies the importance of learning in clinical practice and the balance of theoretical and practical work by student nurses. Working with a first-year student on her first placement, we identified her objective e of learning about basic nursing care and how to ensure patients met their Activities of Daily Living (ADLS) (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2000). In order to facilitate her objective, every morning we highlighted the patients with dependency scores that indicated they would need more nursing care that someone who was completely independent with their ADLs. We carried out the basic nursing care together until the student felt comfortable doing this by herself when appropriate. Every morning, she would highlight the patients’ needs and use this to plan the care she would provide. The student excelled in the care given to these patients and updated care plans as and when was necessary. Context of practice When I became ward manager that I currently work on, I realized that the handover was not as efficient as required. It was an area in which I felt we, as nurses, could develop our ward handover procedure. In addition, I felt important information was left out which will potentially improve our clinical care for the patients. Sexton et al (2003) discussed the use of good communication tools for nursing handovers in order to provide continuity of care. I decided to use Safety Briefing forms to emphasize the patients who needed more attention (e.g. risk of falls, step down from ICU, etc.) so that the whole team was aware of particular patients’ needs. The students and members of the team seemed to appreciate the simple tool which allowed them to discuss patients’ care, due to the structure they were provided with. I feel that introducing this tool to the team I work with has changed communication and in turn patients care for the better. Not only has it benefitted the current staff but it gives students the opportunity to practice and gain confidence in what can sometimes be challenging communication situations. Evidence based practice Brown et al (2008) recognized the importance of evidence based practice to ensure patients’ safety at all times. However, there are barriers which are identified including time and resources. The importance of applying theory to practice was highlighted by Upton. D (1999) therefore it is essential that a good mentor facilitates this. While working with a second-year student, we allocated him with a patient who had contracted Clostridium Difficile. The patient was nursed in a side room with isolation protocols in place following Infection control policy. The student working with me at the time discarded the apron and gloves inside the side room as per indicated. Nevertheless, he forgot to wash his hands to decontaminate them. Gerding et al (2014) provide evidence to show that C.Difficile spores will survive in the hands, therefore the evidence states that we must only use soap and water in these instances and ensure that patients and visitors use the same approach. I sat with t he student and showed him the evidence articles, asking him to read through them. In response, he acknowledged that he needs to improve his nursing care and took it upon himself to remind visitors before and after entering a room that washing hands with soap and water is a must. Leadership Bally J. (2007) recognizes the importance of leadership in ensuring effective nursing standards. Not only is it important for nurses to have good leadership support from their seniors, but it is also essential that all nurses are themselves good leaders. Latham et al (2008) states the importance of nurses supporting team members is imperative to good patient care and career progression. Consequently, it is evident that a mentor should have good leadership skills in order to be an advocate for their student nurse and support them though their training. Wilkes Z (2006) describes the mentors role a one of support but also objective and analytical. When working with a student it is always essential that the student’s objectives and aims are met though planning and regular discussions of feedback and encouragement. I met a student at her first neurosurgical placement. She developed a strong interest in our area and discussed her eagerness of seeing more aspects of neurosurgery, particularly brain tumors. I promoted her spending time with theatre cases of oncology, followed by shadowing oncology nurses and their discussions at the Multidisciplinary Team Meeting every week. She was also present at family meetings where the results were discussed with the patient and the treatment to follow explained to the family. The student enjoyed her time and felt that she engaged well with members of the medical team. We set up objectives for her to achieve and had different meetings afterwards to see if the objectives where achieved. She found ‘difficult and painful’ to break up sad news to patients and found that this area of neurosurgery was very challenging and complex but one she would love to dedicate to in the future. We went thought some literature together and shared experiences with he r so she could understand that feeling pain and sadness thrt4ough our nursing career when facing extreme upset situations were common to most of us and nothing to feel ashamed of.

Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and the Civil Right Struggle of the Essay

Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and the Civil Right Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Martin Luther King Junior was brought up in a Christian background while Malcolm X was a Muslim this shaped how they addressed challenges that they faced in their struggles. For example, while Martin Luther always advocated for nonviolent solutions to the struggles that faced them to an extent that even when he was physically abused he opted not to revenge, Malcolm X believed in Muslim teachings and his famous phrase ‘by all means possible’ which advocated for physical violence towards the oppressors. Malcolm X believed that violence was the only way that the movement would win it cause and therefore advocated for physical battles whether the opponents were violent or not violent. A good example of this difference between the two individuals can be seen during the famous March on Washington on August 26, 1983, where more than 20, 000 people attended; in the march, he called for people from all races to unite and end violence and hatred. Malcolm X was very critical of this march and he argued that Martin Luther was wrong on calling for uniting of all races since that would destroy both the blacks and the whites; instead, Malcolm argued that blacks should be more concerned with helping each other instead. Both mean although using different approaches and coming from different social and economic classes had some similarities; some of them are explained in this paragraph. One of the similarities between the two individuals is that it is they both fought for the rights of the oppressed people in the world, for instance, they were both against the involvement of United States in the war in Vietnam in a bid to help French forces capture the country for colonization. Another similarity is that both individuals were assassinated at the same age, although Malcolm X was older than Martin Luther was, he was assassinated by the members of the nation of Islam when he was giving a speech; he was 39 years old.

Post-Coloniale Theory_Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post-Coloniale Theory_Gender - Essay Example This is not to say that he did not suffer the suppression of body, mind and spirit under alien masters or being an alien in his own country, as did millions of others before him. To imitate a popular statement: You can take colonialism out of a colony but you can not take a colony (of people) out of colonialism! Fanon was born in the French colony of Martinique, French Antilles in the Caribbean. Creole is the language of this colony and black, the colour of his skin. Under the French administration, Martinicians were born and brought up as Frenchmen or Frenchwomen. This superimposition of a European culture on an African community in the Caribbean islands formed the background to the evolution of Fanon’s thinking and writings1. Formally trained as a psychiatrist and a philosopher, he was an original thinker, Marxist revolutionary and writer on suppressive aspects of colonialism and propounded his views in his seminal works, most important of which are â€Å"Black Skin, White Masks† (1952) and â€Å"The Wretched of the Earth† (1961). Through these writings and other works, Fanon has helped us understand colonialism as more than the exercise of political and economic power, but as a psychological process. We shall analyse this argument in the light of his cultural moorings, his works and his revolutionary interpretations. The word colonialism has its origins in the mid-14th century Roman word ‘colonye’, a settlement, an outpost or occupied lands outside the Roman city states.2 ‘Colonialism’ is a 19th century concept of social, political and economic policy towards ‘occupied lands’ under the British imperialism. During the 15th and 16th centuries, European nations experienced renaissance of art, literature, music and drama even as Christianity and the church confronted the State to capture and control the minds of the people. The sea-faring

Living with a long-term urinary catheter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Living with a long-term urinary catheter - Essay Example This particular subject was chosen because I am interested in it. Throughout my Health Care Assistant experience I was involved in looking after patients with urinary catheters. My role was to ensure cleanliness, catheter function, monitoring output and emptying catheter bag. As a Trainee Assistant Practitioner (TAP) female catheterisation is one of my competencies. This has made me more aware about patient perception and psychological feelings when living with a long-term catheter (Godfrey, 2008, p. 181). I work in Highcare Unit where I look after patients with varying ages and sex. Some of them are quite reluctant to having a catheter. Other patients view it as an embarrassment and consider discussion about the device undignified. In critiquing the research regarding a patient's personal experiences, it enables me to relate, understand and empathise with the patient's situation and predicament. This enables me to give support, advice and information not only with the physical side implications but also the psychological impact in living with a long-term catheter. I think that being able to understand patients' perspectives about living with long term urinary catheters, enables healthcare professionals to sympathize and understand with what the patient is experiencing. It is obvious that research needs to be carried out and compare. This way the study will develop strong and valid evidence based research and implement the conclusions into practice that can assist these patients (Godfrey, 2008, p. 180). CRITIQUE RESEARCH: UTILISING EVIDENCE BASED CARE In the 1990's at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, developments were made regarding Evidence Based Practice (EBP) movement, which underpinned the Research and Development Strategy in the UK in 1991. Factors like the rise in the cost of healthcare, unnecessary intervention and variations in healthcare, influenced the EBP movement in the UK (Parahoo 2006). EBP advocates the best available evidence should be us ed when making clinical decisions, to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and health outcomes for patients (Kings College London 2009). Its origins date back to the mid-19th century, when concerns were raised because healthcare interventions were not being proven or evaluated (Lloyd et al 2007). Since the 1970's the term proof-based medical care has increased with the advancement of being capable of having a right to entry to a variety of data. Other aspects that have brought about the usage of EBP medical care comprise of; adjusting of communal anticipations, governmental consensus, cost stresses and expertise responsibility (Hammer Collinsonsn2005, cited by Cutcliffe W. & J. Ward M, 2004). EBP is an approach where healthcare professionals are able to use current evidence and research to back up. This support provides an accurate reason for their care they provide for patients. EBP is highly significant to me because it enables me to offer the best recent physical healthcare I ca n deliver for my patients. It also makes it possible for me to use proof to aid my understanding and comprehend the reasons behind my decision along with the performance of definite facets of medical practice that I am responsible for. There are many reasons why EBP is specifically relevant to engage in as a part of a nurses' role. Nurses need to make more informed judgements as part of a multi-disciplinary team. This initiative increases the number of complex healthcare decisions that need to be made. The Department of Health's (DOH) directives of best evidence collectively highlight the reason for EBP’s momentous nature. This questioning is accompanied by further cognitive research behind its

Empirical evaluation of accounting income

Empirical evaluation of accounting income With the rise of multinational companies and the growth of transnational investments, there has been an increasing demand for an empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. The Ball and Brown study in 1968 broadens this area of accounting research. With the rapid development of the literature, there are more than 1000 published papers in academic accounting and finance journals in the last thirty years (Kothari, 2001). However, several accounting experts assert that there are some weaknesses in the research of Ball and Brown. Meanwhile, critics argue that their empirical evaluation contributed to the accounting research since late 1970s. The purpose of this essay is to introduce the strengths of Ball and Browns paper and identify its influence on the development of accounting. This essay will argue that the limitation of the paper is not serious, but its advantages are very significant. First, arguments for and against the empirical research are discussed. Then, an evaluation is explored .Lastly, a conclusion is presented. 2. The weaknesses of the paper The major motivation of the Ball and Brown study is to use empirical evidence to prove whether the accounting income numbers convey information of firms financial performance. They pioneered capital markets research in accounting. However, their study still has some weaknesses. 2.1 Unreliability The reliability of their results depends on the sources of information, which may be a potential limitation of the study. Although we are not disputing the reliability of the said sources, they should be investigated. Research should be conducted to document various types of institutions. According to Zhang (2007), the selection of the sample did not include companies meet the following four conditions. The first one is the failed company. The second one is a company whose financial year does not end on the 31st of December. The third one is the company that is not recorded in the CRSP database of stock price research centers. It also includes the young firm that is not described by the Wall Street Journal. Given those situations, the generality and reliability of their results may be reduced. 2.2 Limitations The research firmly supposes that some information of stock prices can be reflected by the earnings. However, the Ball and Brown study did not use a statistical test to ascertain whether there is any difference between earning information and the information reflect in the stock prices. Rayburn (1986) asserts that stock returns have been statistically compared with cash flows, earnings, and accruals during the 1980s. Aside from providing a formal test, sketchy information of cash flow was used in previous research. The succeeding studies used more comprehensiveness expectation models to separate the unanticipated components of earnings, accruals, and cash flows, given that returns in an efficient market only reflect the unexpected components (Livnat et al., 1990).ListenRead phonetically 3. The strengths of the paper Although the weakness of this paper is obvious, the design of variables and the results of the test have made outstanding contributions to research of accounting income. 3.1 Ingenious design of variables After identifying the research themes, Ball and Brown selected the most representative accounting income numbers to measure the information content. Considering that shareholders are more concerned about EPS and net income, Ball and Brown used them as variables. To determine the information content of the accounting income, they used market efficiency hypothesis and the capital asset pricing model as references. According to the efficient market hypothesis, the authors maintained that observable stock price is fluctuant and linked with information. This can mean that accounting income numbers are useful. The key to determining the relationship between accounting income and stock price is to distinguish the security prices of a particular company as well as all the other companies. Therefore, the authors built two models of market expected return to examine how the market reacts to accounting income numbers. Ball and Brown separated factors that affect earning into two different kinds: specific factors and system factors. System factors affect all companies, thus, the surplus of one company and other companies can be linked with each other. If the link is suitable, then stability can be shown using a fixed function, enabling us to achieve the income conditional expectation of one company based on other companies data. Thus, changes in the unexpected surplus of earning can be estimated by calculating by the changes in both actual income and conditional expectation. The authors defined the difference as the gain of current information. At the same time, they assumed that the changes in policy and corporate have been enacted before the first estimation. Thus, the influence of macroeconomic and policy changes can be estimated jointly. The authors initially used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to estimate the linear regression coefficient and intercept of samples annual income changes and average income changes. Secondly, the changes in the market income average were used as independent variables and included in the regression model to calculate the expected value of income changes. Finally, the changes in the value of unexpected earnings (prediction residual) referred to the actual value of the earnings change minus the change in earnings expectations. Therefore, market effect was removed from the estimation of expected surplus, which means the authors did not take system factors into account. Similarly, the factors affecting the impact of no stock or stock returns can still be separated into two factors: system factors and specific factors. First, the authors used capital asset pricing model to separate the system factors and from non-system factors, then calculated the deviation of actual rate return and expected stock return. Secondly, Ball and Brown calculated the companys stock return residuals (abnormal returns). Given that markets are efficient, stock prices will adjust quickly and effectively about the new information, so residuals can show the impact on stock prices of new information. To test the validity of statistics, Ball and Brown used an alternative model- naive model. In this model, an alternative variable is the expected surplus for last years actual surplus. The naive model does not eliminate the market effects, but verifies the earnings per share targets. 3.2 Remarkable results This paper distinguished expected changes and unexpected changes in accounting incomes to estimate the abnormal return and changes in unexpected accounting incomes. In addition, it theorized that when the surplus prediction error is negative, it is both advantageous and disadvantageous. This paper presented the hypothesis that if the accounting income numbers could be linked with stock prices, then the announcement of accounting income numbers could result in changes in the stock returns. In the empirical test, the authors defined the month of annual report as 0, API representing the abnormal performance index of month M. In the process of calculating the API, the changes in unexpected earning are first separated into two groups (positive and negative), and then all samples are calculated together. Ball and Brown thought that if accounting income is related to stock returns, it can be assumed that if the changes in unexpected surplus are positive, then API is larger than 1; if they a re negative, then the API is less than 1. In the combined sample, API is close to 1. Ball and Brown thought that annual income report can provide new information; however, it cannot be transmitted in time, because most of its content comes from various sources (interim report and non-accounting information, annual accounting report is only one of them) .The authors also found that after the announcement of the annual report, API has a tendency to drift on, that is, revenue projections residual error signal and the relationship between stock returns in the annual report may be continued for two months. After analysis, which may be caused by the transaction costs, and excluding the impact of transaction costs, the market reaction to the numbers tends to be unbiased. 4. Evaluation At first glance, one weakness of this empirical research is the limitation of the sample which may decrease the generality and reliability of the results. However, the selection of the sample was similar to the tests used in related literature, which could lead to consistent results if used the same way on other samples. The weaknesses of the paper also include the limitation of the statistical tests. Nonetheless, it had a significant impact on later research. In 1968, the Ball and Brown study shows that accounting earning announcements contain information content. In the meantime, they link the sign of monthly abnormal stock return with the sign of the previous years earnings change. Starting with Ball and Brown, many studies began to compare alternative accounting performance measures, such as historical cost earnings, current cost earnings, residual earnings, and operating cash flows with stock returns. Under the similar circumstances, the Ball and Brown study also facilitated Watts and Zimmermans positive accounting theory in the late 1970s (Watts and Zimmerman, 1979). As Watts and Zimmerman (1990) point out, most accounting research since Ball and Brown has been positive, and the role of accounting theory is no longer normative. According to Kothari (2001), Ball and Brown heralded the positive-economics-based empirical capital markets research in the late 1960s. The theoretical and methodological innovation of the early accounting research was founded by the concurrent developments in economics and finance. Without this historical exploring of Ball and Brown in early capital market research, even seasoned researchers may have to detour or lose continuity. In addition, this paper analyzes the insufficiency of theoretical studies using empirical testing to find out whether the accounting income numbers are useful. It initially provides reliable evidence that stock markets can influence annual reports. Then researchers began to do a lot in reflect of stock market. Furthermore, the method used is also applicable to a large number of accounting and financial issues, including dividend announcements, earnings announcements, mergers and acquisitions, and investment spending. 5. Conclusion This essay has discussed the weaknesses and strengths of the empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers by Ball and Brown. Although this research has some limitations, the merits far outweigh the disadvantages. It preceded the positive-economics-based empirical capital markets research of the late 1960s. The theoretical and methodological innovation of the early accounting research was founded by the concurrent developments in economics and finance. Therefore, it is suggested that this research plays a great role in the development of accounting .In this essay, only a few strengths are mentioned; the ways of putting these benefits into practice need further exploration.